Al-Biruni Biography in Urdu and English

Al- Biruni Biography in Urdu and English 

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Inventions of Jābir ibn Hayyān in Urdu and English

Inventions of Jābir ibn Hayyān 

Jabirian corpus is renowned for its contributions to alchemy. It shows a clear recognition of the importance of experimentation, "The first essential in chemistry is that thou shouldest perform practical work and conduct experiments, for he who performs not practical work nor makes experiments will never attain to the least degree of mastery." He is credited with the use of over twenty types of now-basic chemical laboratory equipment,such as the alembic and retort, and with the description of many now-commonplace chemical processes – such as crystallisation, various forms of alchemical "distilation", and substances citric acid (the sour component of lemons and other unripe fruits), acetic acid(from vinegar) and tartaric acid (from wine-making residues), arsenic, antimony andbismuth, sulfur, and mercury that have become the foundation of today'schemistry.

Jabir applied his chemical knowledge to the improvement of many manufacturing processes, such as making steel and other metals, preventing rust, engraving gold, dyeing and waterproofing cloth, tanning leather, and the chemical analysis of pigments and other substances. He noted the use of manganese dioxide in glassmaking, to counteract the green tinge produced by iron — a process that is still used today. According to Ismail al-Faruqi and Lois Lamya al-Faruqi, "In response to Jafar al-Sadik's wishes, [Jabir ibn Hayyan] invented a kind of paper that resisted fire, and anink that could be read at night. He invented an additive which, when applied to an iron surface, inhibited rust and when applied to a textile, would make it water repellent."

Inventions of Jābir ibn Hayyān  in Urdu

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Theories of Jābir ibn Hayyān

Theories of Jābir ibn Hayyān

Jābir's alchemical investigations ostensibly revolved around the ultimate goal of takwin — the artificial creation of life. The Book of Stonesincludes several recipes for creating creatures such as scorpions, snakes, and even humans in a laboratory environment, which are subject to the control of their creator. What Jābir meant by these recipes is unknown.

Jābir's alchemical investigations were theoretically grounded in an elaborate numerology related to Pythagorean and Neoplatonic systems. The nature and properties of elements was defined through numeric values assigned the Arabic consonants present in their name, ultimately culminating in the number 17.

By Jabirs' time Aristotelian physics, had become Neoplatonic. Each Aristotelian element was composed of these qualities: fire was both hot and dry, earth, cold and dry, water cold and moist, and air, hot and moist. This came from the elementary qualities which are theoretical in nature plus substance. In metals two of these qualities were interior and two were exterior. For example, lead was cold and dry and gold was hot and moist. Thus, Jābir theorized, by rearranging the qualities of one metal, a different metal would result. Like Zosimos, Jabir believed this would require a catalyst, an al-iksir, the elusive elixir that would make this transformation possible — which in European alchemy became known as the philosopher's stone.

According to Jabir's mercury-sulfur theory, metals differ from each in so far as they contain different proportions of the sulfur and mercury. These are not the elements that we know by those names, but certain principles to which those elements are the closest approximation in nature.Based on Aristotle's "exhalation" theory the dry and moist exhalations become sulfur and mercury (sometimes called "sophic" or "philosophic" mercury and sulfur). The sulfur-mercury theory is first recorded in a 7th century work Secret of Creation credited (falsely) toBalinus (Apollonius of Tyana). This view becomes wide spread.^] In the Book of Explanation Jabir says

the metals are all, in essence, composed of mercury combined and coagulated with sulphur [that has risen to it in earthy, smoke-like vapors]. They differ from one another only because of the difference of their accidental qualities, and this difference is due to the difference of their sulphur, which again is caused by a variation in the soils and in their positions with respect to the heat of the sun

Holmyard says that Jabir proves by experiment that these are not ordinary sulfur and mercury.^]

The seeds of the modern classification of elements into metals and non-metals could be seen in his chemical nomenclature. He proposed three categories:

• "Spirits" which vaporise on heating, like arsenic (realgar, orpiment), camphor, mercury, sulfur, sal ammoniac, and ammonium chloride.
• "Metals", like gold, silver, lead, tin, copper, iron, and khar-sini
• Non-malleable substances, that can be converted into powders, such as stones.

The origins of the idea of chemical equivalents might be traced back to Jabir, in whose time it was recognized that "a certain quantity of acid is necessary in order to neutralize a given amount of base." Jābir also made important contributions to medicine,astronomy/astrology, and other sciences. Only a few of his books have been edited and published, and fewer still are available in translation.

Theories of Jābir ibn Hayyān in Urdu

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Abu Musa Jābir ibn Hayyān in Urdu and English

We are going to start a series of information in Urdu and in English for Great Muslims Who lead the World towards the Knowledge and Wisdom today The Europe and others have. Today as a Muslim We are Much Behind the West and the main cause of this is that We have left our teachings and Quran and today are considered as only terrorist other so called labels which the international media has given us. As Muslims it is right time for us to awake ourselves from the day dreams and follow the path of our ancestors  Who were the torch bearers for the rest of the world. Today We have the religion scholars in thousands but How many scientist we have in the world may we can count them on finger tips.This is the main reason of our failure. We have made difference between our religion and Science. But the big reality is that Islam is the religion in which every principle is explained and it emphasis both on modern and religious education. We have to recheck our directions. We have to promote education and education not meant to produce degree holders only like in our country Pakistan in which degrees are in abundant but the real brains are rare Who can uplift us. 

Click Here for Detail about Jabir ibn Hayyan in Englsih

Jabir bin Hayyan  in Urdu 

Note: All the detail here in Urdu is translated from "Wikipedia" errors and omissions are accepted 

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